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Chapter 20: Problem 26

Describe how a clade relates to monophyletic group. a. Clades vary in size depending on the number of branches. b. All the organisms within a clade stem from a single point on the phylogenetic tree. c. A clade shows branches that do not share a single point. d. A clade shows groups that diverge at a different branch point.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option b. All the organisms within a clade stem from a single point on the phylogenetic tree.

Step by step solution

01

Define Clade

A clade is a group of organisms that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants. It's a 'branch' on the tree of life.
02

Understand Monophyletic Group

A monophyletic group, or clade, consists of an ancestor and all its descendants. This represents a group that stems from a single point on a phylogenetic tree.
03

Compare Options

Review the provided options. Option a suggests that clades vary in size, which is true but doesn't directly relate to the definition of a clade as a monophyletic group. Option b accurately states that all organisms within a clade stem from a single point on the phylogenetic tree, which is the definition of a monophyletic group. Option c is incorrect because it suggests branches do not share a single point. Option d is also incorrect because it implies divergence at different points, which does not align with the definition of a clade.
04

Select the Correct Answer

Based on the analysis, option b is correct because it directly aligns with the definition of a clade as a monophyletic group.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Phylogenetic Tree
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. Think of it as a family tree but for species. Each branch on this tree represents a lineage, and the points where branches split off indicate a common ancestor shared among the diverging lineages. This can help us understand how different organisms are related and how they have evolved over time. If you visualize the tree, where it starts and splits can show you historical evolutionary paths taken by different species.
Ancestor and Descendants
In the context of evolution, an ancestor refers to an organism from which other organisms are descended. Descendants are the organisms that come after the ancestor in the evolutionary timeline. It's like a great-grandparent and their great-grandchildren. They are connected through generations and evolutionary changes. Ancestors and their descendants form lines of lineage which can be easily traced on a phylogenetic tree. When we talk about clades, we mean a grouping that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. This is crucial to understanding how species from different branches relate to one another.
Evolutionary Relationships
Evolutionary relationships describe how different species or groups of organisms are related through evolution. These relationships are depicted in phylogenetic trees, showing how species have diverged from common ancestors over time. Understanding these relationships helps us make sense of the biological diversity we see today. For example:
  • Species that are closely related will appear closer together on a phylogenetic tree.
  • Shared characteristics can indicate a recent common ancestor.
  • Branches farther apart suggest a more distant evolutionary relationship.
By studying evolutionary relationships, scientists can track changes and adaptations that have occurred over millions of years, providing insight into the history of life on Earth.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

How is systematics related to phylogeny? a. Systematics provides guidelines that scientists use to describe the relationships of organisms. b. Scientists use systematics programs to put together the phylogeny of an organism. c. In systematics, scientists use combined data based on evolutionary relationships from many sources to put together the phylogeny of an organism. d. Systematics is a process used to put together the phylogeny of an organism.

Phylogeny is important to everyday life in human society. How did the research team in China use phylogeny as a guide to discover new plants that can be used to benefit people? a. The research team used DNA to uncover phylogenetic relationships in the legume family, and they found a compound in the plant that is effective in treating cancer. b. The research team used DNA to uncover phylogenetic relationships in the legume family, and then they identified a newly discovered plant as Dalbergia sissoo. c. The research team used DNA to uncover phylogenetic relationships in the legume family, and they found a DNA marker that can be used to screen for plants with potential medicinal properties. d. The research team searched all the relatives of the newly discovered plant Dlabergia sissoo to find antifungal properties.

What is the ring of life? a. a phylogenetic model where all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes b. an evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms c. a phylogenetic model that attempts to incorporate the effects of horizontal gene transfer on evolution d. a field of organizing and classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships

The emu in Australia and ostrich in Africa are flightless birds that look similar. One proposed hypothesis was the birds descend from an early common ancestor that spread when the continents were connected. DNA analysis shows that emus and ostriches share more genetic homology with flying birds which live in the same region than with each other. What is the best explanation for these findings? a. This is an example of an early shared ancestor. b. This is an example of convergent evolution. c. This is an example of random DNA homology. d. This is an example of divergent evolution.

Who devised a commonly used classification system? a. Carl Linnaeus b. Darwin c. Plato d. Aristotle
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