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Chapter 2: Problem 17

Which of the following functional groups is not polar? a. carbonyl b. hydroxyl c. methyl d. sulfhydryl

Short Answer

Expert verified
Methyl

Step by step solution

01

- Understand Polarity

Polarity in chemistry refers to the distribution of electric charge around atoms, chemical groups, or molecules. Polar molecules have regions with slight electrical charges due to the difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms.
02

- Identify Each Functional Group

Identify the structure of each functional group listed:a. Carbonyl group: -C=Ob. Hydroxyl group: -OHc. Methyl group: -CH3d. Sulfhydryl group: -SH
03

- Analyze the Polarity of Each Group

Analyze the distribution of charges:a. Carbonyl: Contains a polar C=O bond due to different electronegativities between carbon and oxygen.b. Hydroxyl: Contains a polar O-H bond because of the high electronegativity of oxygen.c. Methyl: Consists of nonpolar C-H bonds because the electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is small.d. Sulfhydryl: Contains a slightly polar S-H bond due to the moderate electronegativity difference between sulfur and hydrogen.
04

- Determine the Non-Polar Group

Among the listed groups, the methyl group (CH3) has nonpolar C-H bonds, making it the non-polar functional group.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Carbonyl Group
A carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, represented as -C=O. This double bond creates a region where electrons are more densely concentrated around the oxygen compared to the carbon.
The carbon and oxygen atoms have different electronegativities, meaning oxygen pulls electrons toward itself more strongly than carbon. This difference in electronegativity gives rise to a polar bond.
Because of this polarity, the carbonyl group is often involved in various chemical reactions, especially those that form or break bonds with the carbon atom.
Carbonyl groups are found in many organic compounds, including aldehydes and ketones.
Hydroxyl Group
A hydroxyl group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, symbolized as -OH. The oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atom. This difference results in the oxygen atom attracting the shared electrons more strongly, making the O-H bond polar.
This polarity allows hydroxyl groups to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules, including water. This hydrogen bonding is critical for the solubility of compounds in water and contributes to the functionality of alcohols and sugars.
Hydroxyl groups play a crucial role in organic chemistry and biochemistry, impacting properties like solubility and reactivity.
Methyl Group
A methyl group is composed of one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, represented as -CH3. The carbon-hydrogen bonds in a methyl group are considered nonpolar.
This is because the difference in electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen is quite small, resulting in a even distribution of electron density.
Due to its nonpolar nature, the methyl group does not form hydrogen bonds and is generally hydrophobic, meaning it does not dissolve well in water.
Methyl groups can modify the properties of molecules they are attached to, significantly influencing the molecule's overall characteristics and interactions.
Sulfhydryl Group
A sulfhydryl group consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, symbolized as -SH. The sulfur atom is only slightly more electronegative than the hydrogen atom, making the S-H bond mildly polar.
Despite this slight polarity, sulfhydryl groups can form disulfide bonds, which are essential in stabilizing the structures of proteins by forming cross-links.
These groups play vital roles in biology, particularly in the functioning of enzymes and the structural integrity of proteins such as keratin found in hair and nails.
Sulfhydryl groups also contribute to the reactivity and properties of molecules in which they are present, impacting their chemical behaviors.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which of the following statements is true? a. Molecules with the formulas \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}\) and \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) could be structural isomers. b. Molecules must have a single bond to be cis- trans isomers. c. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least three different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon d. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least four different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon

List the mass number and atomic number of carbon-12 and carbon-13, respectively. a. The mass number and atomic number of carbon-13 is 13 and \(6,\) while that of carbon-12 is 12 and \(6,\) respectively. b. The mass number and atomic number of carbon-13 is 13 and \(12,\) while that of carbon-12 is 12 and \(6,\) respectively. C. The mass number and atomic number of carbon-13 is 13 and \(13,\) while that of carbon-12 is 12 and \(6,\) respectively. d. The mass number and atomic number of carbon-13 is 13 and \(12,\) while that of carbon-12 is 12 and \(12,\) respectively.

Discuss how buffers help prevent drastic swings in pH. a. Buffers absorb excess hydrogen and hydroxide ions to prevent increases or decrease in pH. An example is the bicarbonate system in human body. b. Buffers absorb extra hydrogen ions to prevent increases or decreases in pH. An example is the bicarbonate system in the human body. c. Buffers absorb excess hydroxide ions to prevent increases or decreases in pH. An example of that is the bicarbonate system in the human body. d. Buffers absorb excess hydrogen and hydroxide ions to prevent increases or decreases in human example of that is carbonate system in human body.

Why can some insects walk on water? a. Insects can walk on water because of its high surface tension. b. Insects can walk on water because it is a polar solvent. C. Insects can walk on water because they are less dense than water. d. Insects can walk on water because they are denser than water.

What forms ionic bonds? a. atoms that share electrons equally b. atoms that share electrons unequally c. ions with similar charges d. ions with opposite charges
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