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Chapter 19: Problem 12

What is an example of a cline? a. a random fluctuation in a species gene frequencies b. a mutation that spreads across the ecological range of a species c. the females of a species preferring males that are orange in coloration instead of white d. a species having greater cold tolerance in the colder parts of its range than in the warmer parts of its range

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option D: a species having greater cold tolerance in the colder parts of its range than in the warmer parts of its range

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Definition of a Cline

A cline refers to a gradual change in a trait or characteristic of a species across a geographical area. This change usually correlates with a gradient, such as temperature or altitude.
02

Analyze Each Option

Evaluate each option to see if it represents a gradual change in a species trait across a geographical gradient.
03

Evaluate Option A

Option A describes a random fluctuation in gene frequencies. This is not a cline because it does not imply a directional change over a geographical area.
04

Evaluate Option B

Option B involves a mutation spreading across the range of a species. While this could show distribution, it does not specifically imply a gradual change in a characteristic over a gradient.
05

Evaluate Option C

Option C describes a preference in mating, which does not necessarily correlate with a geographical gradient.
06

Evaluate Option D

Option D indicates that a species has greater cold tolerance in colder parts of its range and less cold tolerance in warmer parts. This is an example of a cline because it shows a gradual change in a species' trait (cold tolerance) across a geographical temperature gradient.
07

Conclusion

Identify Option D as the correct answer based on the definition and characteristics of a cline.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

species trait variation
Species trait variation refers to the differences in physical or behavioral features among individuals within a species. These traits can range from color, size, and shape to behavioral tendencies like mating preferences and foraging habits. Variation is crucial for the adaptability and survival of species because it increases the chances of some individuals thriving under changing environmental conditions.
  • **Genetic Basis**: Trait variation often has a genetic component and can be passed from one generation to the next.
  • **Environmental Influence**: Environmental factors, such as climate, food availability, and habitat, can also influence trait variation.
  • **Evolutionary Importance**: Variation within a species can lead to natural selection, where advantageous traits become more common over time.
Understanding species trait variation helps scientists learn how populations adapt to their environments and evolve over time. This insight is vital for conservation efforts and managing biodiversity.
geographical gradients
Geographical gradients are changes in environmental factors, like temperature, altitude, or moisture, over a specified geographic area. These gradients often lead to clines, which are gradual changes in species traits corresponding to the changes in the environment. For example:
  • **Temperature**: As you move from the equator to the poles, temperature decreases, which can lead to variations in species traits adapted for different thermal environments.
  • **Altitude**: Climbing a mountain, you might notice that vegetation changes with altitude, reflecting shifts in air pressure and oxygen levels.
  • **Moisture**: Moving from an arid desert to a humid rainforest, plant and animal adaptations will vary, showing a cline in response to moisture levels.
Geographic gradients provide researchers with natural laboratories to study how species adapt to varying environmental conditions, helping us understand the processes driving biodiversity and ecosystem function.
temperature tolerance
Temperature tolerance refers to the range of temperatures that an organism can endure before experiencing stress or harm. This trait is critical for survival and reproduction in different environments.
  • **Cold Tolerance**: Species in colder regions may develop adaptations like antifreeze proteins, thicker fur, or behaviors like hibernation to survive frigid temperatures.
  • **Heat Tolerance**: Conversely, species in warmer climates might have features like lighter-colored skin to reflect sunlight or behaviors like burrowing to escape the heat.
  • **Acclimation vs. Adaptation**: Acclimation refers to short-term, reversible changes in an organism's tolerance to temperature, while adaptation involves long-term genetic changes that enhance temperature tolerance over generations.
Understanding temperature tolerance helps predict species distribution and how climate change might affect biodiversity. It also informs conservation strategies aimed at protecting species vulnerable to temperature extremes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Heterozygote advantage is a condition in which heterozygotes are favored by natural selection. How would the value of \(2pq\) likely change if the population was undergoing heterozygote advantage? a. It would remain in equilibrium because the value of p and q would remain the same. b. It would remain in equilibrium because the value of \(2pq\)would remain the same. c. It would not remain in equilibrium because the value of \(2pq\) would likely increase. d. It would not remain in equilibrium because the value of \(2pq\) would likely decrease.

What must occur in order for a new trait to appear in a population and then reach a steady, high frequency within that population? a. New traits appear through gene mutations or through genetic drift. In order to reach a steady, high frequency in the population, there must be many mutagens, such as UV radiation, in the environment to produce many mutations. b. New traits appear through gene mutations or through genetic drift. In order to reach a steady, high frequency in the population, there must be a consistent source of immigrant individuals with the allele. c. New traits appear through gene mutations or through evolution. In order to reach a steady, high frequency in the population, the allele must code for a favorable adaptation. d. New traits appear through gene mutations or through gene flow. In order to reach a steady, high frequency in the population, the trait associated with the gene must be favored by either natural or sexual selection.

Which of the following populations has violated the conditions of Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium? a. an infinitely large population b. a population in which the allele frequencies do not change over time c. a population in which the Hardy-Weinberg equation is equal to 1 d. a population undergoing natural selection

When closely related individuals mate with each other, or inbreed, the offspring are often not as fit as the offspring of two unrelated individuals. Why? a. Inbreeding causes normally silent alleles to be expressed. b. The DNA of close relatives reacts negatively in the offspring. c. Inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes d. Close relatives are genetically incompatible

What is assortative mating? a. when individuals mate with those who are similar to themselves b. when individuals mate with those who are dissimilar to themselves c. when individuals mate with those who are most fit in the population d. when individuals mate with those who are least fit in the population
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