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Chapter 16: Problem 9

The binding of what is required for transcription start? a. a protein b. DNA polymerase c. RNA polymerase d. a transcription factor

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. RNA polymerase

Step by step solution

01

Read the Question Carefully

Determine what is being asked. The question is asking what is required for the start of transcription.
02

Understand the Concepts

Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). This process requires a specific component to initiate.
03

Identify Important Terms

Focus on the key terms: 'transcription' and 'start'. Transcription starts when a molecule binds to the DNA to begin synthesizing RNA.
04

Recall the Roles of Each Option

Option a. proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body, but they are not specifically required to start transcription. Option b. DNA polymerase is responsible for DNA replication, not transcription. Option c. RNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. Option d. transcription factors are proteins that control the rate of transcription of genetic information.
05

Determine the Correct Answer

Transcription is initiated by the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA. Transcription factors may assist in this process, but the key requirement for the actual start of transcription is RNA polymerase.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Transcription
Transcription is an essential biological process where genetic information from DNA is copied into mRNA. This is the first step in gene expression. During transcription, the cell uses one strand of the DNA as a template to synthesize a complementary mRNA strand. This mRNA will later be used to direct the synthesis of proteins during translation. The process happens in the cell's nucleus in eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes.
RNA Polymerase
RNA polymerase is the key enzyme responsible for transcription. It reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes an mRNA molecule. This enzyme is crucial because it not only initiates but also elongates and terminates the RNA chain. It works by opening the DNA double helix and creating a complementary RNA strand. In eukaryotes, there are different types of RNA polymerases, each responsible for making various kinds of RNA.
Transcription Factors
Transcription factors are proteins that help regulate the process of converting DNA into mRNA. They bind to specific DNA sequences and either promote or inhibit the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA. Transcription factors are essential for the precise control of gene expression. They make sure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cell type, and in the right amount.
DNA Template
The DNA template is one of the two strands in the DNA double helix that RNA polymerase uses to build the corresponding mRNA. This template strand provides the nucleotide sequence that the RNA polymerase will read. The complementary base-pairing rules guide the transcription: adenine pairs with uracil (in RNA) and cytosine pairs with guanine. The DNA template ensures that the resulting mRNA is an accurate copy of the gene's coding sequence.
mRNA Synthesis
mRNA synthesis is the process of creating a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule from a DNA template during transcription. This involves the initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Once synthesized, mRNA carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it directs protein synthesis. The mRNA is essentially a copy of the gene's instructions, ready to be translated into a functional protein.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What would happen if the operator sequence of the trp operon contained a mutation that prevented the repressor protein from binding to the operator? a. In the absence of tryptophan, the genes trpA-E will not be transcribed. b. In the absence of tryptophan, only genes trpE and trpD will be transcribed. c. In the presence of tryptophan, the genes trpA-E will be transcribed. d. In the presence of tryptophan, the trpE gene will not be transcribed.

Changes in epigenetic modifications alter the accessibility and transcription of DNA. Describe how environmental stimuli, such as ultraviolet light exposure, could modify gene expression. a. UV rays could cause methylation and deacetylation of the genes that could alter the accessibility and transcription of DNA. b. The UV rays could cause phosphorylation and acetylation of the DNA and histones which could alter the transcriptional capabilities of the DNA. c. UV rays could cause methylation and phosphorylation of the DNA bases which could become dimerized rendering no accessibility of DNA. d. The UV rays can cause methylation and acetylation of histones making the DNA more tightly packed and leading to inaccessibility.

Which statement is correct regarding the distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression? a. Prokaryotes regulate gene expression at the level of transcription whereas eukaryotes regulate at multiple levels including epigenetic, transcriptional and translational. b. Prokaryotes regulate gene expression at the level of translation whereas eukaryotes regulate at the level of transcription to manipulate protein levels. c. Prokaryotes regulate gene expression with the help of repressors and activators whereas eukaryotes regulate expression by degrading mRNA transcripts, thereby controlling protein levels. d. Prokaryotes control protein levels using epigenetic modifications whereas eukaryotes control protein levels by regulating the rate of transcription and translation.

What would be the outcome of a mutation that prevented DNA binding proteins from being produced? a. decreased transcription because transcription factors would not bind to transcription binding sites b. decreased transcription because enhancers would not be able to bind to transcription factors c. increased transcription because repressors would not be able to bind to promoter regions d. increased transcription because RNA polymerase would be able to increase binding to promoter regions

The operon model describes expression in prokaryotes. Describe this model and the essential difference in the way in which expression is regulated in eukaryotes.
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