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Chapter 16: Problem 23

What are positive cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated called? a. transformation genes b. tumor suppressor genes c. oncogenes d. mutated genes

Short Answer

Expert verified
The correct answer is oncogenes.

Step by step solution

01

Understand positive cell-cycle regulators

Positive cell-cycle regulators are proteins that promote the progression of cells through the cell cycle, ensuring cells divide and replicate. These regulators play key roles in the growth and division of cells.
02

Identify the role of mutations

When these positive cell-cycle regulators are mutated, they can become permanently activated or overexpressed, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation, which can result in cancer.
03

Analyze the answer choices

Examine the provided options to identify which term corresponds to positive cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated.- a. Transformation genes: Not specifically referring to regulators that cause cancer.- b. Tumor suppressor genes: These genes inhibit cell division and prevent cancer when functioning normally, so they are not positive regulators.- c. Oncogenes: These are mutated forms of genes that normally promote cell growth and division, leading to cancer when they are overactive.- d. Mutated genes: This is a general term that does not specifically describe positive cell-cycle regulators that cause cancer.
04

Select the correct answer

Based on the analysis, the correct term for positive cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated is 'oncogenes.'

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Positive Cell-Cycle Regulators
Positive cell-cycle regulators are crucial proteins involved in the control of cell division and growth. They help cells to progress through the cell cycle, ensuring that division and replication occur smoothly.
These regulators include Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs).
Cyclins act as the 'motor' driving the cell through different phases, while CDKs 'coordinate' when and how the cell moves forward.
Without these regulators, coordinated cell growth and division wouldn't be possible.
Positive cell-cycle regulators must be carefully controlled to avoid errors in cell division, which might lead to abnormal growth patterns.
Mutations in Cell-Cycle Regulators
Mutations in cell-cycle regulators can lead to severe consequences. A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene. When positive cell-cycle regulators such as Cyclins or CDKs are mutated, they can become overly active or 'always on.'
These mutations mean cells might keep dividing uncontrollably, bypassing the usual regulatory checkpoints.
These permanent activations or overexpressions contribute to rapid and unchecked cell proliferation.
This loss of control in cell division is a major contributor to the development of cancer.
Understanding these mutations is critical in cancer research, as they provide insight into the mechanisms of uncontrolled cell growth.
Cancer Development
Cancer development is often linked to the malfunctioning of cell-cycle regulators. When positive cell-cycle regulators are mutated and become oncogenes, they drive the cell past its normal control checkpoints.
Oncogenes are essentially the 'bad variants' of normal genes promoting cell growth and survival.
This results in a snowball effect where cancerous cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors.
Early detection and understanding of oncogenes can lead to better prevention and treatment strategies.
Cancer therapies often target these malfunctioning regulators to stop or slow down uncontrolled cell division.
Ongoing research aims to develop targeted treatments that focus on specific genetic mutations contributing to cancer.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What could happen if a cell had too much of an activating transcription factor present? a. The transcription rate would increase, altering cell function. b. The transcription rate would decrease, inhibiting cell functions. c. The transcription rate decreases due to clogging of the transcription factors. d. The transcription rate increases due to clogging of the transcription factors.

Binding of an RNA binding protein will change the stability of the RNA molecule in what way? a. increase b. decrease c. neither increase nor decrease d. either increase or decrease

Which of the following is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. 3鈥� poly-A tails b. 5鈥� caps c. promoters d. introns

What would be the outcome of a mutation that prevented DNA binding proteins from being produced? a. decreased transcription because transcription factors would not bind to transcription binding sites b. decreased transcription because enhancers would not be able to bind to transcription factors c. increased transcription because repressors would not be able to bind to promoter regions d. increased transcription because RNA polymerase would be able to increase binding to promoter regions

Describe two ways in which gene regulation differs and two ways in which it is similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. a. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation whereas eukaryotes perform transcription prior to translation; in both cell types, regulation occurs through the binding of transcription factors, activators, and repressors. b. Prokaryotes perform transcription prior to translation whereas eukaryotes show cotranscriptional translation (the processes occur in the same organelle). c. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation that is regulated prior to translation whereas eukaryotes perform transcription prior to translation that is regulated only at the level of transcription. In both domains, transcription factors, activators, and repressors provide regulation. d. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation that occurs in the nucleus whereas eukaryotes show transcription prior to translation. In both cell types, regulation occurs using transcription factors, activators, and repressors.
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