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Chapter 16: Problem 19
What are cancer-causing genes called? a. transformation genes b. tumor suppressor genes c. oncogenes d. protooncogenes
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What happens when tryptophan is present? a. The repressor binds to the operator, and RNA synthesis is blocked. b. RNA polymerase binds to the operator, and RNA synthesis is blocked. c. Tryptophan binds to the repressor, and RNA synthesis proceeds. d. Tryptophan binds to RNA polymerase, and RNA synthesis proceeds.
Targeted therapies are used in patients with a certain gene expression pattern. A targeted therapy that prevents the activation of the estrogen receptor in breast cancer would be beneficial to what type of patient? a. patients who express the EGFR receptor in normal cells b. patients with a mutation that inactivates the estrogen receptor c. patients with over-expression of ER alpha in their tumor cells d. patients with over-expression of VEGF, which helps in tumor angiogenesis
Flowering Locus C (FLC) is a gene that is responsible for flowering in certain plants. FLC is expressed in new seedlings, which prevents flowering. Upon exposure to cold temperatures, FLC expression decreases and the plant flowers. FLC is regulated through epigenetic modifications. What type of epigenetic modifications are present in new seedlings and after cold exposure? a. In new seedlings, histone acetylations are present; upon cold exposure, methylation occurs. b. In new seedlings, histone deacetylations are present; upon cold exposure, methylation occurs. c. In new seedlings, histone methylations are present; upon cold exposure, acetylation occurs. d. In new seedlings, histone methylations are present; upon cold exposure, deacetylation occurs
Describe two ways in which gene regulation differs and two ways in which it is similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. a. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation whereas eukaryotes perform transcription prior to translation; in both cell types, regulation occurs through the binding of transcription factors, activators, and repressors. b. Prokaryotes perform transcription prior to translation whereas eukaryotes show cotranscriptional translation (the processes occur in the same organelle). c. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation that is regulated prior to translation whereas eukaryotes perform transcription prior to translation that is regulated only at the level of transcription. In both domains, transcription factors, activators, and repressors provide regulation. d. Prokaryotes show co-transcriptional translation that occurs in the nucleus whereas eukaryotes show transcription prior to translation. In both cell types, regulation occurs using transcription factors, activators, and repressors.
Describe how RBPs can prevent miRNAs from degrading an RNA molecule. a. RBPs can bind first to the RNA, thus preventing the binding of miRNA, which degrades RNA. b. RBPs bind the miRNA, thereby protecting the mRNA from degradation. c. RBPs methylate miRNA to inhibit its function and thus stop mRNA degradation. d. RBPs direct miRNA degradation with the help of a DICER protein complex.
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