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Chapter 15: Problem 1

What is the flow of information for the synthesis of proteins according to the central dogma? a. DNA to mRNA to protein b. DNA to mRNA to tRNA to protein c. DNA to protein to mRNA to protein d. mRNA to DNA to mRNA to protein

Short Answer

Expert verified
The correct answer is a. DNA to mRNA to protein.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the central dogma of molecular biology

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It states that information flows from DNA to RNA and then to protein.
02

Identify the correct sequence

According to the central dogma, the sequence of information transfer is: DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into protein.
03

Evaluate the given options

a. DNA to mRNA to protein - This follows the central dogma.b. DNA to mRNA to tRNA to protein - This adds an extra step, which is unnecessary as tRNA helps in translation but is not in the direct sequence of information flow.c. DNA to protein to mRNA to protein - This does not follow the correct sequence.d. mRNA to DNA to mRNA to protein - This reverses the flow and doesn't follow the central dogma.
04

Choose the correct option

Based on the evaluation, option a. DNA to mRNA to protein is correct.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

flow of genetic information
The flow of genetic information is a fundamental concept in molecular biology, describing how genetic data is transferred within a biological system.
This process begins with DNA, the genetic blueprint.
DNA contains all the instructions needed by an organism to build and maintain itself. However, it's not the DNA directly that creates proteins.
Let's break down the steps:
  • DNA serves as the template.
  • Through transcription, the DNA sequence is copied into RNA, specifically mRNA (messenger RNA).
  • This mRNA is then used in the next stage, translation, to create a protein.
Thus, the central dogma outlines the pathway: DNA 鈫� RNA 鈫� Protein.
Understanding this flow is crucial in the study of genetics and biology.
DNA transcription
Transcription is the first step in the process of gene expression.
It involves copying a segment of DNA into mRNA.
This process is facilitated by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.
Here's a breakdown of transcription:
  • The DNA double helix unwinds to expose a single strand that will act as a template.
  • RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA at a specific region called the promoter.
  • RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, synthesizing mRNA by adding complementary RNA nucleotides in sequence to match the DNA template.
Once the mRNA strand is fully synthesized, it undergoes processing.
This usually involves adding a 5' cap, a poly-A tail, and splicing out introns (non-coding regions).
The mature mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it will be used in translation.
mRNA translation
Translation is the process where the mRNA sequence is used to build a protein.
This step occurs in the cytoplasm and involves ribosomes, tRNA, and various enzymes.
Let's see how this works:
  • The ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG).
  • tRNA molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid, match their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA.
  • The ribosome facilitates the bonding of amino acids in the correct sequence, forming a polypeptide chain.
This chain then folds into a specific three-dimensional structure to become a functional protein.
Therefore, the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA determines the exact sequence of amino acids in the protein.
protein synthesis
Protein synthesis is the final and most crucial step in the central dogma of molecular biology.
It involves assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain, which will then fold into an active protein.
Key steps include:
  • Initiation: The ribosome assembles around the target mRNA and the first tRNA.
  • Elongation: The ribosome continues to translate each codon, adding the appropriate amino acid to the growing chain.
  • Termination: Upon reaching a stop codon, the ribosome releases the completed polypeptide.
After synthesis, the new protein may undergo further modifications such as folding, cutting, or adding other chemical groups to become fully functional.
This entire process, from DNA to RNA to protein, ensures that cells produce the necessary proteins to function correctly.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

When comparing transcription of heritable information in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which events are the same? a. Transcription by polymerase, recognition of a consensus sequence in the promoter, and termination by a hairpin loop are conserved. b. Translation by polymerase, recognition of a consensus sequence in the promoter, and termination by a hairpin loop are conserved. c. Transcription by polymerase, recognition of a highly variable sequence in the promoter, and termination by a hairpin loop are conserved. d. Transcription by polymerase, recognition of a consensus sequence in the promoter, and elongation by a hairpin loop are conserved.

What are introns? a. DNA sequences to which polymerases bind b. the processed mRNA c. translated DNA sequences in a gene d. untranslated DNA sequences in a gene

Suppose a gene has the sequence ATGCGTTATCGGGAGTAG. A point mutation changes the gene to read ATGCGTTATGGGGAGTAG. How would the polypeptide product of this gene change?

A tRNA is chemically modified so that the amino acid bound is different than the one specified by its anticodon. Which codon in the mRNA would the tRNA recognize: the one specified by its anticodon or the one that matches the modified amino acid it carries? a. The anticodon will match the codon in mRNA. b. The anticodon will match with the modified amino acid it carries. c. The anticodon will lose the specificity for the tRNA molecule. d. The enzyme amino acyl tRNA synthetase would lose control over the amino acid.

What is often the first amino acid added to a polypeptide chain? a. adenine b. leucine c. methionine d. thymine
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