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Chapter 14: Problem 66

Identify the type of change that can occur in the DNA of a chromosome that is termed a chromosomal mutation. a. substitution b. translocation c. missense d. transversion

Short Answer

Expert verified
'Translocation' is a type of chromosomal mutation.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Chromosomal Mutations

Chromosomal mutations involve changes to the structure or number of chromosomes. These can include large segments of DNA.
02

Define Substitution

A substitution mutation involves the exchange of one base for another in the DNA sequence. It's a point mutation, not chromosomal.
03

Define Translocation

Translocation involves the rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. It's a type of chromosomal mutation.
04

Define Missense

Missense mutation is a type of point mutation where a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. It's not a chromosomal mutation.
05

Define Transversion

Transversion is a type of point mutation in which a purine is swapped for a pyrimidine or vice versa. It is also a point mutation, not chromosomal.
06

Identify the Correct Answer

Among the given options, only 'translocation' pertains to a chromosomal mutation. Substitution, missense, and transversion are all point mutations.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

translocation
Translocation is a type of chromosomal mutation where segments of DNA are rearranged. It involves the exchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. This means that pieces of two different chromosomes break off and swap places. This exchange can disrupt genes at the breakpoints, potentially leading to genetic disorders or cancers. For example, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is often caused by a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, creating the Philadelphia chromosome. This profound change affects the cell's functionality and can have significant biological repercussions.
DNA structure
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic information in living organisms. It has a double-helix structure formed by two long strands of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine - A, thymine - T, cytosine - C, and guanine - G). The strands are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases (A pairs with T, and C pairs with G). The sequence of these bases determines genetic information.
Changes in the DNA structure, such as mutations, can affect how genes function and express traits. Chromosomal mutations, including deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, can alter large segments of DNA, causing more significant effects compared to smaller, point mutations.
chromosomal changes
Chromosomal changes refer to alterations in the structure or number of chromosomes. These changes can occur due to several reasons, including errors during cell division or exposure to certain chemicals and radiation.
Here are some common types of chromosomal changes:
  • Deletion: A segment of a chromosome is missing.
  • Duplication: A segment of a chromosome is copied, resulting in extra genetic material.
  • Inversion: A segment of a chromosome breaks off, flips around, and reattaches in the reversed direction.
  • Translocation: Segments of two different chromosomes exchange places.
Since these changes can affect large portions of the DNA, they often have substantial impacts on an organism's biology and can result in developmental disorders or diseases.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Discuss the effects of point mutations on a DNA strand. a. Mutations can cause a single change in an amino acid. A nonsense mutation can stop the replication or reading of that strand. Insertion or deletion mutations can cause a frame shift. This can result in non-functional proteins. b. Mutations can cause a single change in amino acid. A missense mutation can stop the replication or reading of that strand. Insertion or deletion mutations can cause a frame shift. This can result in non-functional proteins. c. Mutations can cause a single change in amino acid. A nonsense mutation can stop the replication or reading of that strand. Substitution mutations can cause a frame shift. This can result in non-functional proteins. d. Mutations can cause a single change in amino acid. A nonsense mutation can stop the replication or reading of that strand. Insertion or deletion mutations can cause a frame shift. This can result in functional proteins.

Compare and contrast the roles of DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase in DNA replication. a. DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers from the developing copy of DNA. DNA ligase seals the ends of the new segment, especially the Okazaki fragments. b. DNA polymerase I adds the RNA primers to the already developing copy of DNA. DNA ligase separates the ends of the new segment, especially the Okazaki fragments. c. DNA polymerase I seals the ends of the new segment, especially the Okazaki fragments. DNA ligase removes the RNA primers from the developing copy of DNA. d. DNA polymerase I removes the enzyme primase from the developing copy of DNA. DNA ligase seals the ends of the old segment, especially the Okazaki fragments.

Which type of point mutation would result in the substitution of a stop codon for an amino acid? a. frame shift b. missense c. nonsense d. silent

Discuss the contributions of Francis Crick, James Watson, and Rosalind Franklin to the discovery of the structure of DNA. a. Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Watson and Crick formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA. b. Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick first employed the technique of X-ray diffraction to understand the storage of DNA. Since it did not work out, Watson and Crick then ran experiments to ascertain the DNA structure. c. Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Rosalind Franklin formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA. d. Watson and Crick used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Rosalind Franklin formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA.

How can Chargaff鈥檚 rules be used to identify different species? a. The amount of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine varies from species to species and are not found in equal quantities. They do not vary between individuals of the same species and can be used to identify different species. b. The amount of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine varies from species to species and is found in equal quantities. They do not vary between individuals of the same species and can be used to identify different species. c. The amount of adenine and thymine is equal to guanine and cytosine and is found in equal quantities. They do not vary between individuals of the same species and can be used to identify different species. d. The amount of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine varies from species to species and they are not found in equal quantities. They vary between individuals of the same species and can be used to identify different species.
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