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Chapter 14: Problem 66

Identify the type of change that can occur in the DNA of a chromosome that is termed a chromosomal mutation. a. substitution b. translocation c. missense d. transversion

Short Answer

Expert verified
'Translocation' is a type of chromosomal mutation.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Chromosomal Mutations

Chromosomal mutations involve changes to the structure or number of chromosomes. These can include large segments of DNA.
02

Define Substitution

A substitution mutation involves the exchange of one base for another in the DNA sequence. It's a point mutation, not chromosomal.
03

Define Translocation

Translocation involves the rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. It's a type of chromosomal mutation.
04

Define Missense

Missense mutation is a type of point mutation where a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. It's not a chromosomal mutation.
05

Define Transversion

Transversion is a type of point mutation in which a purine is swapped for a pyrimidine or vice versa. It is also a point mutation, not chromosomal.
06

Identify the Correct Answer

Among the given options, only 'translocation' pertains to a chromosomal mutation. Substitution, missense, and transversion are all point mutations.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

translocation
Translocation is a type of chromosomal mutation where segments of DNA are rearranged. It involves the exchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. This means that pieces of two different chromosomes break off and swap places. This exchange can disrupt genes at the breakpoints, potentially leading to genetic disorders or cancers. For example, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is often caused by a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, creating the Philadelphia chromosome. This profound change affects the cell's functionality and can have significant biological repercussions.
DNA structure
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic information in living organisms. It has a double-helix structure formed by two long strands of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine - A, thymine - T, cytosine - C, and guanine - G). The strands are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases (A pairs with T, and C pairs with G). The sequence of these bases determines genetic information.
Changes in the DNA structure, such as mutations, can affect how genes function and express traits. Chromosomal mutations, including deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, can alter large segments of DNA, causing more significant effects compared to smaller, point mutations.
chromosomal changes
Chromosomal changes refer to alterations in the structure or number of chromosomes. These changes can occur due to several reasons, including errors during cell division or exposure to certain chemicals and radiation.
Here are some common types of chromosomal changes:
  • Deletion: A segment of a chromosome is missing.
  • Duplication: A segment of a chromosome is copied, resulting in extra genetic material.
  • Inversion: A segment of a chromosome breaks off, flips around, and reattaches in the reversed direction.
  • Translocation: Segments of two different chromosomes exchange places.
Since these changes can affect large portions of the DNA, they often have substantial impacts on an organism's biology and can result in developmental disorders or diseases.

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Describe the Sanger DNA sequencing method used for the human genome sequencing project. a. A DNA sample is denatured by heating and then put into four tubes. A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Limited quantities of one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are added to each tube respectively. Each one of them carries a specific fluorescent label. Chain elongation continues until a fluorescent ddNTP is added to the growing chain, after which chain termination occurs. Gel electrophoresis is performed and the length of each base is detected by laser scanners with wavelengths specific to the four different ddNTPS鈥檚. b. A DNA sample is denatured by heating and then put into four tubes. A primer, RNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Limited quantities of one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are added to each tube respectively. Each one of them carries a specific fluorescent label. Chain elongation continues until a fluorescent ddNTP is added to the growing chain, after which chain termination occurs. Gel electrophoresis is performed and the length of each base is detected by laser scanners with wavelengths specific to the four different ddNTPS鈥檚. c. A DNA sample is denatured by heating and then put into four tubes. A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Limited quantities of one of the four dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are added to each tube respectively. Each one of them carries a specific fluorescent label. Chain elongation continues until a fluorescent ddNTP is removed from the growing chain, after which chain termination occurs. Gel electrophoresis is performed and the length of each base is detected by laser scanners with wavelengths specific to the four different ddNTPS鈥檚. d. A DNA sample is denatured by heating and then put into four tubes. A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Limited quantities of one of the four deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) are added to each tube respectively. Each one of them carries a specific fluorescent label. Chain elongation continues until a fluorescent dNTP is added the growing chain, after which chain termination occurs. Gel electrophoresis is performed and the length of each base is detected by laser scanners with wavelengths specific to the four different dNTPS鈥檚.
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