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Chapter 14: Problem 10

What happens when a dideoxynucleotide is added to a developing DNA strand? a. The chain extends to the end of the DNA strand. b. The DNA stand is duplicated. c. The chain is not extended any further. d. The last codon is repeated.

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. The chain is not extended any further.

Step by step solution

01

Understand dideoxynucleotides

Dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are modified nucleotides that lack a 3' hydroxyl group (OH) on the sugar component.
02

Relate dideoxynucleotides to the DNA replication process

During DNA replication, the 3' hydroxyl group of the last nucleotide in the growing strand is necessary for forming a phosphodiester bond with the next nucleotide.
03

Effect of dideoxynucleotides on DNA chain extension

Since dideoxynucleotides lack the 3' hydroxyl group, once a ddNTP is incorporated, no further nucleotides can be added, halting the extension.
04

Choose the correct answer

Based on the steps above, determine that the chain is not extended any further after the addition of a dideoxynucleotide.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

DNA replication inhibition
During DNA replication, the DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA strands. This process is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase and involves adding nucleotides to a growing DNA strand. Certain substances can inhibit this process. One such inhibitor is the dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP). When a ddNTP is added to a growing DNA strand, it causes premature termination of the DNA replication process. Consequently, the chain of DNA is not extended further, thus effectively stopping the replication.
dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP)
Dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are special molecules used in DNA sequencing. Unlike regular nucleotides, ddNTPs lack a 3' hydroxyl group (-OH) on the sugar portion of their structure. This small but crucial difference has significant implications for DNA replication. Because the 3' hydroxyl group is necessary for the addition of the next nucleotide in the replication process, the absence of this group in ddNTPs prevents any additional nucleotides from being added once a ddNTP is incorporated into the DNA chain. Hence, the chain ends abruptly.
phosphodiester bond formation
In DNA replication, the formation of a phosphodiester bond is crucial for linking nucleotides together to form a DNA strand. This bond is created between the 3' hydroxyl group of the last nucleotide in the chain and the phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide. The resulting linkage allows the DNA strand to grow. However, if the last nucleotide in the chain is a dideoxynucleotide, which lacks a 3' hydroxyl group, this bond cannot form, and the addition of further nucleotides is blocked.
DNA chain termination
DNA chain termination occurs when the addition of nucleotides to a growing DNA strand is halted. This can happen deliberately through the use of dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) in the process of DNA sequencing, a method known as Sanger sequencing. During sequencing, ddNTPs are randomly incorporated into the growing DNA strand. Once incorporated, the lack of a 3' hydroxyl group in the ddNTP prevents the addition of any further nucleotides, leading to chain termination. This allows scientists to determine the sequence of the DNA by analyzing the varying lengths of terminated fragments.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Describe how the model of DNA replication illustrates the function of topoisomerase. a. Topoisomerase relieves the pressure that results from supercoiling by breaking and reforming DNA鈥檚 phosphate backbone ahead of the replication fork. b. Topoisomerase increases the pressure to increase supercoiling by breaking and reforming DNA鈥檚 phosphate backbone ahead of the replication fork. c. Topoisomerase relieves the pressure that results from supercoiling by breaking and reforming DNA鈥檚 nucleotide base pairs ahead of the replication fork. d. Topoisomerase relieves the pressure that results from separation of DNA strands by breaking and reforming DNA鈥檚 phosphate backbone ahead of the replication fork.

Which enzyme is only found in prokaryotic organisms? a. DNA gyrase b. helicase c. ligase d. telomerase

The mitochondria of eukaryote cells contain their own circular DNA (mtDNA), consistent with their origin according to the theory of endosymbiosis. The mitochondrial genome is highly conserved in Eukarya. In humans, the 50 to 100 mitochondria in each of the cells in most tissues have 5 to 10 copies of the genome. Each has 37 genes that primarily encode proteins of the electron transport chain. Point mutations in which a single nucleotide is incorrectly placed is not repaired because the error-checking provided by DNA polymerase is not present in the mitochondria. The mutation rate for mtDNA is approximately 100 times higher than the mutation rate for nuclear DNA. The simultaneous existence of multiple alleles in each cell is likely, a condition called heteroplasmy. In mammals, sperm mitochondria are destroyed prior to fertilization. A. Explain how point mutations in mtDNA can result in a loss of function in critical cellular components such as cytochrome c yet not be lethal to the cell. B. Oocyte mitochondria are randomly segregated during meiosis, resulting in variation in the frequency of mtDNA mutations in offspring relative to the parent. Explain how a loss of function does not accumulate, lowering the metabolic performance from generation to generation. As described in the Evolution Connection in this chapter of the text, a fossil fingertip found in a Siberian cave revealed an evolutionary link between Neanderthals and Denisovans. Fossils from 28 individuals were located in the 鈥減it of bones,鈥� Sima de los Huesos, in Spain, thousands of miles from the Siberian cave. In 2013, mtDNA from a femur of one of these individuals was compared with mtDNA of Denisovans, Neanderthals, and modern humans. It was found that the Sima fossil shared many more alleles with Denisovans than with either Neanderthals or modern humans. In 2016, the same group of scientists who sequenced the mtDNA from the femur of one of the Sima fossils partially sequenced the DNA from that fossil, showing a clear connection to Neanderthals. C. Analyze these data to draw alternative conclusions regarding the relatedness of the three fossils and support each with evidence. D. Design a plan to differentiate or resolve these alternative conclusions.

Describe the structure and complementary base pairing of DNA. a. DNA is made up of two strands that are twisted around each other to form a helix. Adenine pairs up with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. The two strands are anti-parallel in nature; that is, the 3鈥� end of one strand faces the 5鈥� end of other strand. Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases contribute to the DNA structure. b. DNA is made up of two strands that are twisted around each other to form a helix. Adenine pairs up with cytosine and thymine pairs with guanine. The two strands are anti-parallel in nature; that is, the 3鈥� end of one strand faces the 5鈥� end of other strand. Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases contribute to the DNA structure. c. DNA is made up of two strands that are twisted around each other to form a helix. Adenine pairs up with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. The two strands are parallel in nature; that is, the 3鈥� end of one strand faces the 3鈥� end of other strand. Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases contribute to the DNA structure. d. DNA is made up of two strands that are twisted around each other to form a helix. Adenine pairs up with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. The two strands are anti-parallel in nature; that is, the 3鈥� end of one strand faces the 5鈥� end of other strand. Only sugar contributes to the DNA structure.

What can be the result of DNA failing to undergo repair after too much UV exposure? a. second degree burns b. a malignant melanoma c. a breakdown of deep layers of the skin d. a sun burn
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