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Chapter 10: Problem 4

What are identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere called? a. histones b. nucleosomes c. chromatin d. sister chromatids

Short Answer

Expert verified
d. sister chromatids

Step by step solution

01

Understand the terminology

Identify what chromatin, cohesin, and centromere refer to. Chromatin is the material that makes up chromosomes, cohesin is a protein that holds chromatids together, and the centromere is the region where chromatids are connected.
02

Evaluate the options

Review each provided option and match them to the definitions from Step 1. Histones are proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, made up of a segment of DNA wound around histone proteins. Chromatin is the material that makes up chromosomes, consisting of DNA and proteins.
03

Identify the correct term

Based on the definitions and understanding from Steps 1 and 2, determine which option describes identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere.
04

Select the correct answer

The term for identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere is sister chromatids.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chromatin
Chromatin is a substance found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It consists of DNA, protein, and RNA. Its main functions are to package DNA into a more compact, denser shape and to regulate the genes within the DNA.
Chromatin is made up of strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones. This structure not only helps in organizing the DNA but also plays a crucial role in gene expression and DNA replication.
During different stages of the cell cycle, chromatin can appear in two forms:
  • Euchromatin: less compact, transcriptionally active
  • Heterochromatin: more compact, transcriptionally inactive
Understanding chromatin helps in grasping how genetic information is stored and expressed.
Cohesin
Cohesin is a protein complex that plays an essential role in chromosome segregation during cell division. It holds sister chromatids together from the time they are created until they are ready to be separated during cell division.
The primary functions of cohesin are:
  • Ensuring accurate segregation of chromosomes
  • Facilitating the repair of DNA damage
  • Assisting in the organization of chromatin
Problems with cohesin can lead to genetic disorders as well as cancer, making it a critical protein for cellular health.
Centromere
The centromere is a region of the chromosome that plays a key role during cell division. It is where the two sister chromatids are held together and is the attachment site for spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.
Characteristics of the centromere include:
  • Essential for the movement of chromosomes during cell division
  • Varies in size, can be very small or large
  • Houses specific sequences that are needed for the binding of kinetochores
Without a functional centromere, cells cannot properly divide, leading to cell death or diseases like cancer.
Histones
Histones are proteins that play a crucial role in the organization and structure of chromatin. They act as spools around which DNA winds, enabling the long DNA molecules to be packed into the compact structure of chromatin.
The core types of histones include:
  • H1 (linker histone)
  • H2A
  • H2B
  • H3
  • H4
These histones form a complex called a nucleosome, which is the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells. Modifications to histones can influence gene expression by altering chromatin structure or recruiting other regulatory proteins to the DNA.
Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes are the fundamental units of chromatin. They consist of a segment of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. Each nucleosome has about 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histones.
Functions of nucleosomes include:
  • Compacting the DNA so it fits into the nucleus
  • Regulating access to the DNA through the process of chromatin remodeling
  • Playing a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression
By controlling the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors and other regulatory proteins, nucleosomes have a profound impact on gene expression and cellular function. Alterations in nucleosome positioning and histone modification can have significant consequences for an organism's development and health.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Describe the general conditions that must be met at each of the three main cell cycle checkpoints. a. G1 checkpoint - assessment of DNA damage, G2 - assessment of new DNA, M checkpoint - segregation of sister chromatids in anaphase. b. G1 checkpoint - Energy reserves for s phase, G2 checkpoint - assessment of new DNA, M checkpoint- attachment of spindle to kinetochore. c. G1 checkpoint - assessment of DNA damage, G2 checkpoint - energy reserves for duplication, M checkpoint - attachment of spindle to kinetochore d. G1 checkpoint - Energy reserves for S-phase, S checkpoint - synthesis of DNA, G2 checkpoint - assessment of new DNA

A diploid cell has how many times the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell? a. four times b. half c. one-fourth d. twice

Describe what occurs at the M checkpoint and predict what would happen if the \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint failed. a. The \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint checks for proper separation of sister chromatids and if it fails, then cells may undergo nondisjunction of chromosomes. b. The \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint checks if the DNA is damaged and promotes its repair. If it fails, then the daughters end up with damaged DNA. c. The \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint ensures the proper duplication of DNA and if it fails, the cells may undergo nondisjunction of chromosomes. d. The \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint ensures that all the components required for cell division are available and if it fails, the cell cycle will be inhibited.

Name the processes that eukaryotic cell division and binary fission have in common. a. DNA duplication, division of cell organelles, division of the cytoplasmic contents b. DNA duplication, segregation of duplicated chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasmic contents c. formation of a septum, DNA duplication, division of the cytoplasmic contents d. segregation of duplicated chromosomes, formation of a septum, division of cell organelles

Briefly describe the events that occur in each phase of interphase. a. \(\mathrm{G}_{1}\) - assessment for DNA damage, S - duplication of genetic material, \(\mathrm{G}_{2}\) - duplication and dismantling organelles b. \(\mathrm{G}_{1}\) - duplication of organelles, S - duplication of DNA, \(\mathrm{G}_{2}\) - assessment of DNA damage c. \(\mathrm{G}_{1}\) - synthesis of DNA, S - synthesis of organelle genetic material, \(\mathrm{G}_{2}\) - assessment of DNA damage d. \(\mathrm{G}_{1}\) - preparation for DNA synthesis, S - assessment of DNA damage, M - Division of cell
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