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Chapter 10: Problem 14

What is the main prerequisite for clearance at the G2 checkpoint? a. The cell has a reached a sufficient size. b. The cell has an adequate stockpile of nucleotides. c. An accurate and complete DNA replication has occurred. d. Proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores has occurred.

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. An accurate and complete DNA replication has occurred.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the G2 checkpoint

The G2 checkpoint is one of the cell cycle checkpoints that ensure the cell is ready to proceed to mitosis (M phase). This checkpoint is crucial for detecting any DNA damage and ensuring all DNA has been accurately replicated.
02

Identify the correct prerequisite

The main prerequisite for clearance at the G2 checkpoint is that the cell must have accurate and complete DNA replication. This ensures that the cell can safely proceed to mitosis without passing on any genetic errors.
03

Rule out other options

Option a (cell size) and option b (nucleotide stockpile) are mainly associated with the G1 checkpoint. Option d (attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores) pertains to the metaphase checkpoint in mitosis, not the G2 checkpoint.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

The G2 Checkpoint and Its Importance
The G2 checkpoint is a critical stage in the cell cycle, occurring after DNA replication and before mitosis. Its primary role is to ensure that the DNA replication process has been completed accurately and without errors. This checkpoint helps prevent the propagation of genetic mistakes to daughter cells, which could lead to serious issues such as cancer. To pass the G2 checkpoint, a cell needs to have:
  • Complete and accurate DNA replication
  • No DNA damage
  • Overall readiness to enter mitosis
If any DNA errors or damage are detected, the cell cycle is halted, and repair mechanisms are activated. The cell will only proceed to mitosis once these issues are resolved.
DNA Replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA, producing two identical copies. This is crucial for cell division, allowing each daughter cell to have the same genetic information as the parent cell. During S phase of the cell cycle, the following key steps occur:
  • Unwinding of the DNA double helix
  • Formation of replication forks
  • Synthesis of new DNA strands by DNA polymerase
  • Proofreading and error correction
Ensuring that DNA replication is accurate is essential for maintaining genetic integrity. Any errors that are not corrected can lead to mutations, which may cause diseases. This process is closely monitored by the G2 checkpoint to ensure that only error-free DNA is passed on during cell division.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells. It consists of several phases, including:
  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, attaching to spindle fibers via kinetochores.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
  • Telophase: Nuclear membranes form around the separated chromatids, and the cell begins to pinch in the middle.
Proper mitosis is vital for growth, development, and tissue repair. Any mistakes during mitosis, such as incorrect spindle attachment or chromosome separation, can lead to cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. The cell cycle checkpoints, including the G2 checkpoint, ensure that the cell is ready to undergo mitosis by verifying the integrity of the DNA and the proper replication of chromosomes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Describe the general conditions that must be met at each of the three main cell cycle checkpoints. a. G1 checkpoint - assessment of DNA damage, G2 - assessment of new DNA, M checkpoint - segregation of sister chromatids in anaphase. b. G1 checkpoint - Energy reserves for s phase, G2 checkpoint - assessment of new DNA, M checkpoint- attachment of spindle to kinetochore. c. G1 checkpoint - assessment of DNA damage, G2 checkpoint - energy reserves for duplication, M checkpoint - attachment of spindle to kinetochore d. G1 checkpoint - Energy reserves for S-phase, S checkpoint - synthesis of DNA, G2 checkpoint - assessment of new DNA

Chemotherapy drugs such as vincristine and colchicines disrupt mitosis by binding to tubulin (the subunit of microtubules) and interfering with microtubule assembly and disassembly. Exactly what mitotic structure do these drugs target, and what effect would that have on cell division? a. The drugs bind tubulin and inhibit the binding of spindle to the chromosome. This can arrest the cell cycle. b. The drugs bind the tubulin, which leads to an error in the chromosome separation. This could lead to apoptosis. c. The drugs bind the tubulin, thereby inhibiting their division in S-phase. This inhibits cell division. d. The drugs bind the spindle fiber and hinder the separation of chromatins. This promotes the division spontaneously.

Which of the following events does not occur during some stages of interphase? a. DNA duplication b. increase in cell size c. organelle duplication d. separation of sister chromatids

Name the processes that eukaryotic cell division and binary fission have in common. a. DNA duplication, division of cell organelles, division of the cytoplasmic contents b. DNA duplication, segregation of duplicated chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasmic contents c. formation of a septum, DNA duplication, division of the cytoplasmic contents d. segregation of duplicated chromosomes, formation of a septum, division of cell organelles

Describe what occurs at the M checkpoint and predict what would happen if the \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint failed. a. The \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint checks for proper separation of sister chromatids and if it fails, then cells may undergo nondisjunction of chromosomes. b. The \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint checks if the DNA is damaged and promotes its repair. If it fails, then the daughters end up with damaged DNA. c. The \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint ensures the proper duplication of DNA and if it fails, the cells may undergo nondisjunction of chromosomes. d. The \(\mathrm{M}\) checkpoint ensures that all the components required for cell division are available and if it fails, the cell cycle will be inhibited.
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