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Chapter 37: Problem 17

A scientist hypothesizes that the pancreas's hormone production is controlled by neural stimuli. Which observation would support this hypothesis? a. Insulin is produced in response to sudden stress without a rise in blood glucose. b. Insulin is produced in response to a rise in glucagon levels. c. Beta cells express epinephrine receptors. d. Insulin is produced in response to a rise in blood glucose in the brain.

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. Beta cells express epinephrine receptors.

Step by step solution

01

- Understand the Hypothesis

The hypothesis states that the pancreas's hormone production is controlled by neural stimuli. Neural stimuli involve the response of cells to nerve signals or neurotransmitters.
02

- Analyze Each Option

Carefully read each option to determine if it involves neural stimuli:a. Insulin is produced in response to sudden stress without a rise in blood glucose.b. Insulin is produced in response to a rise in glucagon levels.c. Beta cells express epinephrine receptors.d. Insulin is produced in response to a rise in blood glucose in the brain.
03

- Evaluate Option A

Option a suggests that insulin is produced in response to sudden stress. Sudden stress typically involves nervous system activity (e.g., release of stress hormones like cortisol), which supports the hypothesis.
04

- Evaluate Option B

Option b indicates that insulin is produced in response to a rise in glucagon levels. This does not directly imply neural control.
05

- Evaluate Option C

Option c states that Beta cells express epinephrine receptors. Epinephrine is a neurotransmitter released by neural stimuli, supporting the hypothesis.
06

- Evaluate Option D

Option d involves the brain but explains insulin production in response to blood glucose, which is more related to metabolic control rather than neural stimuli.
07

- Select the Most Supporting Observation

Both Option a and Option c support the hypothesis because they involve neural stimuli. However, since Beta cells expressing epinephrine receptors (Option c) more directly implies neural control, it is the best support.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Neural Stimuli
Neural stimuli involve the nervous system triggering a response in the body. It usually happens through nerve signals or neurotransmitters. For example, during sudden stress, your brain sends signals that prompt the release of stress hormones like cortisol and epinephrine. This is an example of neural stimuli controlling a physiological response. It鈥檚 important to note that neural stimuli can directly influence hormone production in different glands, including the pancreas.
Pancreas Function
The pancreas is a critical organ in both the digestive and endocrine systems. It has two main functions: producing digestive enzymes that help break down food and secreting hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. The hormone-producing part of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells known as the islets of Langerhans. Within these islets, different types of cells produce various hormones. One of the key hormones produced by the pancreas is insulin, which helps regulate blood glucose levels.
Insulin Production
Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Its primary role is to help cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood sugar levels. When you eat and your blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin to help store glucose in the liver, muscles, and fat cells. However, insulin production can also be influenced by neural stimuli, which is an important concept for understanding how different signals can affect hormone levels in the body.
Epinephrine Receptors
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and a neurotransmitter released during stress or 'fight-or-flight' situations. It binds to specific receptors on the surface of cells, called epinephrine receptors. These receptors are found on various cells, including beta cells in the pancreas. When epinephrine binds to its receptors, it can trigger a cascade of events, including the inhibition or promotion of certain hormone secretions. In the context of this problem, if beta cells in the pancreas have epinephrine receptors, it indicates that neural stimuli can directly affect insulin production.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones. These hormones regulate a wide range of body functions, including metabolism, growth, and mood. The main glands in the endocrine system include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and reproductive glands. Each gland produces specific hormones that target organs or tissues to maintain homeostasis. Neural stimuli can influence the endocrine system by triggering the release of hormones in response to stress, changes in the environment, or other internal signals.

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