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Chapter 10: Problem 31

Briefly describe the events that occur in each phase of interphase.

Short Answer

Expert verified
G1 Phase: cell growth and normal functions. S Phase: DNA replication. G2 Phase: preparation for mitosis and checking for DNA damage.

Step by step solution

01

- G1 Phase

In the G1 phase (Gap 1), the cell grows rapidly and carries out its normal functions. It also synthesizes various enzymes and nutrients that are required for DNA replication and cell division.
02

- S Phase

During the S phase (Synthesis), the cell replicates its DNA, so each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids. This phase ensures that each daughter cell will have an identical set of chromosomes.
03

- G2 Phase

In the G2 phase (Gap 2), the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis. The cell checks for any DNA damage that may have occurred during replication and completes the production of proteins and organelles necessary for cell division.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

G1 Phase
The G1 phase, also known as Gap 1, is the first part of the interphase in the cell cycle. During this phase, the cell grows in size to become ready for DNA replication and eventual cell division. It is a period of intense growth and metabolic activity.
In the G1 phase, the cell:
  • Increases in size
  • Produces new organelles
  • Synthesizes necessary enzymes and nutrients required for DNA replication
This phase is critical because it sets the stage for the S phase, where DNA replication occurs. The cell also performs its normal functions during this time. For instance, liver cells produce metabolic enzymes needed for digestion. Overall, the G1 phase ensures the cell is well-prepared and equipped for the subsequent phases.
S Phase
The S phase, or Synthesis phase, is the period during which the cell replicates its DNA. The primary goal here is to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete and identical set of chromosomes.
During the S phase:
  • DNA replication occurs
  • Each chromosome is duplicated, forming two sister chromatids
  • The cell's total amount of DNA essentially doubles
This phase is vital because accurate DNA replication is crucial for genetic stability. Mistakes in this phase can lead to mutations, which might cause diseases or genetic disorders. The cell has built-in mechanisms to minimize errors during DNA replication. Post-replication, the cell must ensure that all the DNA is correctly and completely duplicated before moving to the next phase.
G2 Phase
The G2 phase, or Gap 2, is the final part of interphase before mitosis begins. This phase serves as a checkpoint and preparation stage for cell division.
Throughout the G2 phase, the cell:
  • Continues to grow
  • Produces essential proteins and organelles required for mitosis
  • Checks for any DNA damage that might have occurred during the S phase
If the cell detects any DNA damage, it repairs it before moving into mitosis. This quality control avoids passing on damaged or incomplete genetic information to daughter cells. Once all checks are cleared, and the cell is fully prepared, it proceeds to mitosis where the actual cell division occurs. The G2 phase is thus crucial for finalizing the cell's readiness and ensuring successful cell division.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The fusing of Golgi vesicles at the metaphase plate of dividing plant cells forms what structure? a. cell plate b. actin ring c. cleavage furrow d. mitotic spindle

Describe how the duplicated bacterial chromosomes are distributed into new daughter cells without the direction of the mitotic spindle.

Which protein is a positive regulator that phosphorylates other proteins when activated? a. \(\quad \mathrm{p} 53\) b. retinoblastoma protein (Rb) c. cyclin d. cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

Eukaryotic chromosomes are thousands of times Ionger than a typical cell. Explain how chromosomes can fit inside a eukaryotic nucleus.

Human papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer. The virus encodes E6, a protein that binds p53. Based on this fact and what you know about p53, what effect do you think E6 binding has on p53 activity? a. E6 activates p53 b. E6 inactivates p53 c. E6 mutates p53 d. E6 binding marks p53 for degradation
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