Problem 5 In what three ways do enzymes lo... [FREE SOLUTION]

Chapter 7: Problem 5

In what three ways do enzymes lower the activation energy \(\left(\Delta G^{4}\right)\) of a reaction?

Short Answer

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Question: Explain three ways in which enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Answer: Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway, stabilizing the transition state, and straining substrate bonds. They bring substrates closer together and ensure their correct orientation, stabilize the high-energy intermediate configuration between reactants and products, and create tension in reacting molecules, which weakens the chemical bonds, making it easier for the bonds to break and be replaced.

Step by step solution

1. Providing an alternative reaction pathway

Enzymes catalyze the reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. They achieve this by binding with the reactants (substrates) and forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme's active site has a specific shape and structure that brings substrates closer together and helps ensure their correct orientation for the reaction, making it easier for the reaction to proceed.

2. Stabilization of the transition state

Enzymes lower the activation energy by stabilizing the transition state of the reaction. The transition state is the intermediate, high-energy configuration between reactants and products during a chemical reaction. Enzymes are specifically designed to recognize and bind to the transition state, which lowers the activation energy and speeds up the reaction. The binding of the enzyme to the transition state helps to alter the substrates' electron distribution, further facilitating the reaction.

3. Straining substrate bonds

Another way enzymes decrease activation energy is by straining substrate bonds. Enzymes create tension in the reacting molecules by binding to them and distorting their shape, which strains or weakens the chemical bonds of the substrate. This makes it easier for the bonds to break and be replaced, accelerating the reaction. As a result, the activation energy required for the reaction is reduced, further promoting the reaction process.

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In what three ways do enzymes lower the activation energy \(\left(\Delta G^{4}\right)\) of a reaction?

Short Answer

Step by step solution

1. Providing an alternative reaction pathway

2. Stabilization of the transition state

3. Straining substrate bonds

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