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Chapter 24: Problem 8

Give an example of respiratory alkalosis and one of metabolic acidosis. In each case, explain how your example illustrates that type of acid-base disturbance.

Short Answer

Expert verified
An example of respiratory alkalosis is hyperventilation, often due to an anxiety attack, which leads to a decrease in blood CO2 levels and therefore an increase in blood pH, causing alkalosis. Diabetic Ketoacidosis serves as an example for metabolic acidosis where there's a high level of ketones in the bloodstream due to the body breaking down fat instead of sugar for fuel, causing a rise in acidity and thus, a lower pH in the body, which is metabolic acidosis.

Step by step solution

01

Understand and Explain Respiratory Alkalosis

Respiratory Alkalosis is a condition characterized by a lower-than-normal level of carbon dioxide in the blood, resulting in alkalosis (when body fluids contain too much base). An example could be hyperventilation, such as an anxiety attack or panic attack, where a person breathes excessively, removing more carbon dioxide. The excessive exhaling of carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels. This then causes a rise in blood pH level, leading to alkalosis.
02

Understand and Explain Metabolic Acidosis

Metabolic Acidosis is a condition where there's too much acid in the body fluids, and it is categorized by low bicarbonate levels in the blood. A suitable example is Diabetic Ketoacidosis. This occurs in people with Diabetes, whose bodies, due to a lack of insulin, start breaking down fat as fuel. This process produces a build-up of acids in the bloodstream called ketones, leading to diabetic ketoacidosis if untreated. The rise in acid lowers the overall pH of the body, which is metabolic acidosis.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A mong related species (e.g- vertebrates), there is often a positive correlation between the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and the height of the carbon dioxide equilibrium curve (the total carbon dioxide concentration at high \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) partial pressures). Why?

When fishing boats pull trawling nets through the water, many fish avoid being caught by vigorously swimming away. Others, after vigorous escape swimming, get caught, but later are released because they are not of legal size or are not the species desired. Fish that escape or are released sometimes die anyway. The accumulation of lactic acid from anaerobic work in such fish seems in certain cases to be a key factor in their deaths. How could a large lactic acid accumulation in a fish interfere with its ability to obtain enough \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) to survive?

As noted in this chapter, respiratory pigments that are dissolved in the blood plasma usually have very high molecular weights. The statement has been made that in animals with dissolved respiratory pigments, "the polymerization of unit respiratorypigment molecules into high-molecular-weight polymers allows the blood solution to have a high oxygen-carrying capacity without having its osmotic pressure boosted to high levels by the presence of the respiratory pigment." Explain. (Hint: Review in Chapter 5 how dissolved entities affect the colligative properties of solutions.)

In most species of mammals, the \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) affinity of a fetus's blood hemoglobin is greater than that of its mother's blood hemoglobin. However, mammal species are not all the same in the mechanism that causes the affinities to be different. Specify three distinct mechanisms for the difference in affinity between fetal and maternal blood hemoglobin. Recall from Chapter 1 that Fran莽ois Jacob argued that evolution is analogous to tinkering rather than engineering. Considering the mechanism of the fetal- maternal difference in \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) affinity, would you say that the evolution of the mechanism provides evidence for Jacob's argument? Explain.

Outline the ways in which mammalian hemoglobin simultaneously plays important roles in \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) transport, \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) transport, and control of blood pH.
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