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Chapter 14: Problem 7

Give 3 effects of the action of the sympathetic nervous system.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The three effects of the action of the sympathetic nervous system are: 1) Increased heart rate, 2) Dilation of pupils, and 3) Redistribution of blood flow.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system, which helps to maintain homeostasis in the body. It is often associated with the 'fight or flight' response.
02

State first effect

One effect of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system is an increase in heart rate. This is due to the release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine which stimulate the heart muscle.
03

State second effect

A second effect can be dilation of pupils, which allows more light to enter the eye, thus improving vision during a 'fight or flight' response.
04

State third effect

A third effect is the constriction of blood vessels in certain areas and dilation in others. This redistributes blood flow towards your muscles and away from less critical areas like the skin.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Effects of Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system plays a crucial role in how our body responds to stress and emergencies. It's responsible for preparing us to react swiftly and efficiently to potential dangers. When activated, it immediately influences several bodily functions to heighten alertness and readiness.

Here are three major effects:
  • Increase in Heart Rate: One of the most noticeable effects is a sped-up heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system releases neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine that stimulate our heart, enhancing oxygen and energy delivery to muscles.
  • Pupil Dilation: Your pupils will enlarge, allowing more light to help you see better in dim environments. This is especially useful in assessing threats or finding escape routes in a low-light situation.
  • Blood Vessel Alterations: The system causes blood vessels to constrict in non-essential areas and dilate towards your muscles, redirecting blood flow for better physical performance.
These adaptations collectively keep us composed and agile in challenging situations.
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a component of the peripheral nervous system controlling involuntary physiological processes. It functions automatically, without conscious direction, to regulate essential functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.

The ANS is divided into two main branches:
  • Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations, often dubbed the 'fight or flight' system.
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Facilitates 'rest and digest' activities, promoting relaxation and conservation of energy.
These two branches normally balance each other out, ensuring the body can respond to various stimuli appropriately. While the sympathetic nervous system enhances alertness, the parasympathetic system calms the body down post-threat.
Fight or Flight Response
The 'fight or flight' response is an instinctive physiological reaction to threats. Triggered by the sympathetic nervous system, this response readies the body to either fight the danger or flee from it.

Key characteristics include:
  • Energy Boost: The body releases adrenaline, surging your energy levels and strength, critical during emergencies.
  • Increased Heartbeat and Breathing: These speed up to supply muscles with more oxygen, preparing them for strenuous activity.
  • Heightened Senses: Your senses sharpen, allowing you to be more aware of your surroundings, aiding in quick decision-making under pressure.
While incredibly helpful for immediate physical threats, this response can be overly stimulated by psychological stress, leading to anxiety if not managed properly.

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